Homework 7/22

Page 344 #1-4

1. Human exposure to ultraviolet radiation is more harmful than infrared radiation because while infrared is simply heat energy, ultraviolet is a more energetic form of sun radiation. Ultraviolet radiation can cause sunburns and skin cancer, harming many organisms with its ability to break covalent bonds.

2. Two essential roles played by visible solar radiation are that it energizes electrons in some chemical bonds. This supplies energy needed for photosynthesis reactions and the scattering of light in a sunset.

3. Since there is less water vapor, there is less greenhouse gas caused by water vapor in dry and arid regions. Infrared radiation is not as stored and reradiated and reflected back into the atmosphere from the entering of UV and visible light that is transformed into IR radiation in clouds, but the visible and UV radiation directly exposed to the surface of the earth is used to heat earth.

4. A) The daytime temperatures would be cooler, because with less greenhouse gases such as CO2 and H2O, less infrared radiation would be stored and reradiated and reflected back into the atmosphere from the transformation of UV and visible radiation to IR radiation in clouds Less stored heat energy would enter throughout the day.

B) Without stored heat energy in the atmosphere, nights would be very cold without the presence of the sun.

Page 350 #1-6

1. The mass of carbon dioxide produced daily by all 10 Riverwood High School buses is 1 kg.

2. 0.40 L of fuel are consumed daily by buses idling at Riverwood High School.

3. In a 180-day school year, 180 kg of carbon dioxide would be released into the atmosphere by these buses while idling. 72 L of fuel would be consumed.

4.

5.

6.

Homework 7/21

Page 360 # 1-8

1. The frequency is proportional, but the wavelength is inversely proportional.

2. It is a good descriptor because it shows the ranges of energy.

3. It is useful in photosynthesis because visible radiation can energize the electrons is chemical bonds, which delivers the energy necessary for reactions.

4. A) Infrared, visible, and ultraviolet

B) Infrared radiation warms living things, visible reactions energize electrons, and ultraviolet radiation kills bacteria and destroys viruses.

5.  UV-C photons can break covalent bonds and leads to a chemical change in the materials exposed, and it also kills bacteria that damage other living things.

6. Infrared reactions can be absorbed by greenhouse gases, which reradiates back to earth. 90% of visible radiation travels to earth’s surface. UV-C radiation is absorbed in the stratosphere before reaching earth’s surface and most UV-A and UV_B radiation is absorbed by the ozone layer.

7. More greenhouse gases cause more infrared radiation, which results in more energy reradiated on earths surface, and a hotter earth.

8. A) Asphalt warms up more when directly exposed to sunlight because when solar radiation reflects and illuminates it back into space. Lake water also reflects light, but it absorbs and stores heat.  

B) Water acts as a greenhouse gas and absorbs infrared light, but asphalt directly reflects light sources back to space.

Page 361 #14-20

14. CO2 and water vapor are both greenhouse gases, the infrared radiation is not directly from the sun, but is the product of transformed UV and visible radiation from the sun within the clouds. Infrared radiation is basically heat energy, that these greenhouse gases have made from trapping UV and visible light in order to absorb, reradiate, and reflect the heat energy onto earth's surface.

15. A) Natural: Breathing and Bacterial decay.

Human: Agricultural and industrial activities and Burning of fossil fuels.

B) Natural: Decomposition of plants and Decomposition of animal wastes

Human: Refining fossil fuels and Raising of livestock.

16. A) Lower altitude, increase in greenhouse/atmospheric gases, higher air pressure.

B) Higher altitude, decrease in greenhouse/atmospheric gases, lower air pressure.

17. On a sunny winter day, a greenhouse with transparent glass walls is warmer than a structure with dense wooden walls because infrared light cannot escape through the glass. 

18. A) 

B) 

19. Three chemical reservoirs of carbon atoms include atmospheric CO2 gas, solid calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and natural gases (methane CH4)

20. The carbon atom could be part of the atmosphere as a gas as a result of photosynthesis, in the lithosphere as plant or animal waste decay, or part of the hydrosphere as limestone.

Extra Credit

Extra Credit Report

July 18, 2013

Mat Red

            Many countries, even wealthy ones, suffer from significant amount of deaths due to childbirth. Childbirth in Bangladesh, in particular, is a primary killer.  The amount of deaths reduced greatly recently because the training, and educating that took place for the midwives, and people who give birth at home. They have been taught what to do in emergency situations or if anything were to go wrong.  Extreme blood loss is a common major life-threatening problem. A researcher, Mohammad Abdul Quaiyum, invented a birth mat that is supposed to increase the comfort of the woman who is giving birth as well as absorbs most of the blood that the woman has produced.  Bangladesh women who give birth at home often use this mat for hygienic protection. If a woman were to lose more than half a liter of blood, that implies that something went wrong, and she is in danger. The birth mat is designed to absorb about 400 milliliters of the blood, so if it gets saturated the mother should call for help immediately. Researchers and a charity collaborated to make birthing kits that will allow and more convenient and sanitary birth for women who stay at home. The kit includes a birth mat, a razor to cut the umbilical cord, cotton gauze, a thread to tie off the umbilical cord, soap, a plastic sheet for them to deliver on, as well as a dose of misoprostol that is supposed to control the bleeding.  Doctors distributed 77,00 of the kits and they were more successful than anyone thought. 

This article interested me because I didnt realize that even during this time period, people were doing home births and were dying from these births. I think that it is amazing that this charity is giving mothers the supplies they need to give birth safely and successfully. 

http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21578025-medical-technology-need-not-be-sophisticated-be-effective-mat-red

Vocab:

haemorrahage- bleeding